IEEE Region 6 (Western U.S.) History

IEEE Region 6 (Western U.S.) History
Display name	Region 6
Region number	6
Geographic regions	Western U.S.
Home page	http://www.ieee-region6.org/
List of Councils in this Region IEEE Los Angeles Council History IEEE San Francisco Bay Area Council History
List of Sections in this Region IEEE Alamogordo-Holloman Section History IEEE Alaska Section History IEEE Albuquerque Section History IEEE Boise Section History IEEE Buenaventura Section History IEEE Central Coast Section History IEEE Central Montana Section History IEEE Central Washington Section History IEEE China Lake-Bakersfield Section History IEEE Coastal Los Angeles Section History IEEE Eastern Idaho Section History IEEE Eastern Montana Section History IEEE Foothill Section History IEEE Fort Huachuca Section History IEEE Hawaii Section History IEEE Las Vegas Section History IEEE Los Angeles Council History IEEE Los Alamos/Northern New Mexico Section History IEEE Metropolitan Los Angeles Section History IEEE Northern Nevada Section History IEEE Oakland-East Bay Section History IEEE Orange County Section History IEEE Oregon Section History IEEE Palouse Section History IEEE Phoenix Section History IEEE Richland Section History IEEE Sacramento Valley Section History IEEE San Diego Section History IEEE San Fernando Valley Section History IEEE San Francisco Section History IEEE Santa Clara Valley Section History IEEE Seattle Section History IEEE Spokane Section History IEEE Tucson Section History IEEE Utah Section History IEEE Western Montana Section History
List of Subsections in this Region IEEE Fairbanks Subsection History IEEE Monterey Bay Subsection History

Background

Region 6 (Western United States) was established in 1963 when AIEE and IRE merged to form IEEE.

Predecessor to Region 6 existed in AIEE; AIEE lists Districts 8, 9 and 15 containing Sections that are currently in Region 6.

Like other Regions, an annual expo, called WESCON, was formed and existed over 50 years - from 1951-2005 when it was dissolved. WESON alternated between the Los Angeles area and the Bay area. At its peak in the 1980's it drew approximately 50,000 attendees.

Areas

The Region is divided into five areas: Central (CA), Northeast (NEA), Northwest (NWA), Southern SA), Southwest (SWA).There are two Councils: Los Angeles (LAC) and San Francisco Bay Area (SFBAC).

Sections

There are currently 35 Sections in the Region, listed by date of formation. Area and Council affliliation is listed in ().

• 19-Jan-1904 Seattle (NWA)
• 23-Dec-1904 San Francisco (CA, SFBAC)
• 18-May-1908 Los Angeles (SA; survives as the Los Angeles Council (LAC); the Section was split in 1963 into seven Sections)
• 18-May-1909 Oregon (NWA; formerly PORTLAND 1909-1991)
• 14-Feb-1913 Spokane (NWA)
• 9-Mar-1917 Utah (NEA)
• 24-Jun-1931 Central Montana (NEA)
• 18-Jan-1939 San Diego (SWA)
• 22-Mar-1941 Phoenix (SWA)
• 7-May-1947 Sacramento Valley (CA)
• 6-Apr-1948 Albuquerque (SWA)
• 23-Apr-1948 Richland (NWA)
• 1-Mar-1949 China Lake-Bakersfield (SA; LAC)
• 28-Feb-1950 Hawaii (CA)
• 1-Apr-1956 Tucson (SWA)
• 10-May-1956 Alamogordo-Holloman (SWA)
• 14-Nov-1956 Fort Huachuca (SWA)
• 5-Apr-1957 Eastern Idaho (NEA)
• 10-Sep-1958 Alaska (NWA)
• 20-Nov-1987 Fairbanks Subsection of Alaska
• 21-Apr-1960 Las Vegas (SWA)
• 1962 Boise (NEA)
• 1962 Central Washington (NWA; formerly Wenatchee)
• 22-Apr-1963 Buenaventura (SA; LAC)
• 22-Apr-1963 Central Coast (SA; LAC)
• 22-Apr-1963 Coastal Los Angeles (SA)
• 22-Apr-1963 Foothill (SA; LAC)
• 22-Apr-1963 Metropolitan Los Angeles (SA; LAC)
• 22-Apr-1963 Orange County (SA)
• 22-Apr-1963 San Fernando Valley (SA; LAC)
• 25-Nov-1974 Eastern Montana (NEA)
• 3-Jan-1975 Oakland-East Bay (CA; SFBAC)
• 3-Jan-1975 Santa Clara Valley (SFBAC)
• 10-Aug-1984 Monterey Bay Subsection of Santa Clara Valley (CA; SFBAC)
• 3-Jan-1975 San Francisco Bay Area Council (SFBAC) (CA)
  
• 29-May-1975 Los Alamos/Northern New Mexico (SWA)
• 18-Nov-1983 Northern Nevada (CA)
• 21-Jun-1996 Western Montana (NEA)
• 18-Nov-2004 Palouse (NWA)

Directors

Region directors (serving two-year terms) since 1963:

• 1963 Daniel E. Noble / 1964 Bruce S. Angwin
• 1965 Bruce S. Angwin
• 1967 Stanley F. Kaisel
• 1969 L. C. Hedrick
• 1971 John J. Guarrera
• 1973 Einar E. Ingebretsen
• 1975 Carleton A. Bayless
• 1977 John W. Thatcher
• 1979 Charles A. Eldon
• 1981 Frederick G. Suffield
• 1983 Ralph A. Lamm
• 1985 Jane G. Evans
• 1987 Richard L. Doyle
• 1989 Allen R. Stubberud
• 1991 Jerry C. Aukland
• 1993 Chester C. Taylor
• 1995 William E. Murray
• 1997 John B. Damonte
• 1999 W. Cleon Anderson
• 2001 Lawrence M. Hamerman
• 2003 Evelyn H. Hirt
• 2005 Robert L. Baldwin
• 2007 Loretta J. Arellano
• 2009 Leonard J. Bond
• 2011 Edward G. Perkins
• 2013 Michael R. Andrews
• 2015 Thomas Coughlin
• 2017 Kathleen Kramer
• 2019 Keith Moore

Region 6 Milestones

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In early 1982, Burr-Brown Research Corporation, later part of Texas Instruments, Inc., demonstrated a 16-bit monolithic digital-to-analog converter. Coupled with earlier compact disc development by Philips and Sony, it enabled affordable high-quality compact disc players, helped transform music distribution and playback from analog phonograph records to digital compact discs, and ushered in digital media playback.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"16-bit Monolithic DAC, 1981","link":"","lat":32.21713,"lon":-110.87787,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Ampex_Videotape_Recorder,_1956#_96d11b507db54913548d3e935453d598\" title=\"Milestones:Ampex Videotape Recorder, 1956\"\u003EMilestones:Ampex Videotape Recorder, 1956\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1956, Ampex Corporation of Redwood City, California, introduced the first practical videotape recorder for television stations and networks to produce and time-shift broadcasts, replacing impractical \"kinescope\" movie film previously used to record TV. The Emmy-award-winning Ampex \"VTR\" analog-video standard ruled broadcasting and video production worldwide for twenty years.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Ampex Videotape Recorder, 1956","link":"","lat":37.4418834,"lon":-122.1430195,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Apollo_11_Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment_(LURE),_1969#_f9cbba8fb5f411061dee9630fd2a3db6\" title=\"Milestones:Apollo 11 Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment (LURE), 1969\"\u003EMilestones:Apollo 11 Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment (LURE), 1969\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOn 1 August 1969, Lick Observatory made the first Earth-to-Moon distance measurement with centimeter accuracy. The researchers fired a gigawatt ruby laser at a retro-reflector array placed on the Moon by Apollo 11 astronauts, and measured the time delay in detecting the reflected pulse. This was the first experiment using a hand-placed extraterrestrial instrument.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Apollo 11 Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment (LURE), 1969","link":"","lat":37.3413398,"lon":-121.6472987,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Birthplace_of_Silicon_Valley,_1956#_1c9e6defb8b80b5d16e8a6405a4acde5\" title=\"Milestones:Birthplace of Silicon Valley, 1956\"\u003EMilestones:Birthplace of Silicon Valley, 1956\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAt this location, 391 San Antonio Road, the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory manufactured the first silicon devices in what became known as Silicon Valley. Some of the talented scientists and engineers initially employed there left to found their own companies, leading to the birth of the silicon electronics industry in the region. Hundreds of firms in electronics and computing can trace their origins back to Shockley Semiconductor.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Birthplace of Silicon Valley, 1956","link":"","lat":37.4048742,"lon":-122.1108556,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Birthplace_of_the_Internet,_1969#_fe76e16e00254739b3367e54c624bbfa\" title=\"Milestones:Birthplace of the Internet, 1969\"\u003EMilestones:Birthplace of the Internet, 1969\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUniversity of California, Los Angeles, CA. At 10:30 p.m., 29 October 1969, the first ARPANET message was sent from this UCLA site to the Stanford Research Institute. Based on packet switching and dynamic resource allocation, the sharing of information digitally from this first node of ARPANET launched the Internet revolution.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Birthplace of the Internet, 1969","link":"","lat":34.07104,"lon":-118.441157,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:DIALOG_Online_Search_System,_1966#Computer_History_Museum,_1401_N_Shoreline_Blvd,_Mountain_View,_CA_94043\" title=\"Milestones:DIALOG Online Search System, 1966\"\u003EMilestones:DIALOG Online Search System, 1966\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EComputer History Museum, 1401 N Shoreline Blvd, Mountain View, CA 94043\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDIALOG was the first interactive, online search system addressing large databases while allowing iterative refinement of results. DIALOG was developed at Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory in 1966, extended through contracts with NASA, and offered commercially in 1972. Its speed, ease of use, and wide range of data content attracted professional users worldwide including scientists, attorneys, educators and librarians. DIALOG preceded major Internet search tools by more than two decades.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"DIALOG Online Search System, 1966","link":"","lat":37.41427,"lon":-122.0774,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:DIALOG_Online_Search_System,_1966#Lockheed_Martin_Advanced_Technology_Center_(formerly_Lockheed_Palo_Alto_Research_Laboratory,_Bldg._201),_3251_Hanover_St.,_Bldg._245,_Palo_Alto,_CA_94304-1215\" title=\"Milestones:DIALOG Online Search System, 1966\"\u003EMilestones:DIALOG Online Search System, 1966\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (formerly Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Bldg. 201), 3251 Hanover St., Bldg. 245, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1215\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDIALOG was the first interactive, online search system addressing large databases while allowing iterative refinement of results. DIALOG was developed at Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory in 1966, extended through contracts with NASA, and offered commercially in 1972. Its speed, ease of use, and wide range of data content attracted professional users worldwide including scientists, attorneys, educators and librarians. DIALOG preceded major Internet search tools by more than two decades.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"DIALOG Online Search System, 1966","link":"","lat":37.41121,"lon":-122.1432472,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Demonstration_of_the_ALOHA_Packet_Radio_Data_Network,_1971#_e5cf57df845e7410ac5a449d19a15dde\" title=\"Milestones:Demonstration of the ALOHA Packet Radio Data Network, 1971\"\u003EMilestones:Demonstration of the ALOHA Packet Radio Data Network, 1971\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn June 1971, the ALOHA packet radio data network began providing inter-island access to computing facilities at the University of Hawaii. ALOHAnet was the first to demonstrate that communication channels could be effectively and efficiently shared on a large scale using simple random access protocols. It led directly to the development of Ethernet and personal wireless communication technologies.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Demonstration of the ALOHA Packet Radio Data Network, 1971","link":"","lat":21.29681,"lon":-157.81657,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Development_of_CDMA_for_Cellular_Communications,_1989#_90f324b0c232fd0c89fea8613447027c\" title=\"Milestones:Development of CDMA for Cellular Communications, 1989\"\u003EMilestones:Development of CDMA for Cellular Communications, 1989\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOn 7 November 1989, Qualcomm publicly demonstrated a digital cellular radio system based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) spread spectrum technology, which increased capacity, improved service quality, and extended battery life. This formed the basis for IS-95 second-generation standards and third-generation broadband standards that were applied to cellular mobile devices worldwide.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Development of CDMA for Cellular Communications, 1989","link":"","lat":32.895146,"lon":-117.19773,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Development_of_Computer_Graphics_and_Visualization_Techniques,_1965-1978#_9e063dc5269ea8a5fadb101a21c00abf\" title=\"Milestones:Development of Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques, 1965-1978\"\u003EMilestones:Development of Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques, 1965-1978\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1965, the University of Utah established a Center of Excellence for computer graphics research with Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funding. In 1968, two professors founded the pioneering graphics hardware company Evans \u0026amp; Sutherland; by 1978, fundamental rendering and visualization techniques disclosed in doctoral dissertations included the Warnock algorithm, Gouraud shading, the Catmull-Rom spline, and the Blinn-Phong reflection model. Alumni-founded companies include Atari, Silicon Graphics, Adobe, Pixar, and Netscape.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Development of Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques, 1965-1978","link":"","lat":40.76885278,"lon":-111.84611111,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Development_of_the_Commercial_Laser_Printer,_1971-1977#_ce75f82a215bd491ea3cde2eb3f588c7\" title=\"Milestones:Development of the Commercial Laser Printer, 1971-1977\"\u003EMilestones:Development of the Commercial Laser Printer, 1971-1977\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EXerox PARC researchers demonstrated the feasibility of laser printing on a one-page-per-second Xerox copier in 1971, and with computer-generated images in 1972. As the networked printer in 1974, it transformed office automation and led to desktop publishing at PARC. The Xerox 9700 printer proved commercial viability in 1977, and helped launch the non-impact printer industry into a new era of printed communication for print shops, home, and office.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Development of the Commercial Laser Printer, 1971-1977","link":"","lat":37.4027346,"lon":-122.1486011,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Development_of_the_HP-35,_the_First_Handheld_Scientific_Calculator,_1972#_cf449dbf7acb61f7cb8f91214705aab3\" title=\"Milestones:Development of the HP-35, the First Handheld Scientific Calculator, 1972\"\u003EMilestones:Development of the HP-35, the First Handheld Scientific Calculator, 1972\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA. The HP-35 was the first handheld calculator to perform transcendental functions (such as trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions). Most contemporary calculators could only perform the four basic operations \u2013 addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The HP-35 and subsequent models have replaced the slide rule, used by generations of engineers and scientists. The HP-35 performed all the functions of the slide rule to ten-digit precision over a full two-hundred-decade range.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Development of the HP-35, the First Handheld Scientific Calculator, 1972","link":"","lat":37.4118,"lon":-122.1478,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Electric_Lighting_Of_The_Kingdom_of_Hawaii_1886-1888#_04e3661f5f5930f26bb6f2ee7861d20f\" title=\"Milestones:Electric Lighting Of The Kingdom of Hawaii 1886-1888\"\u003EMilestones:Electric Lighting Of The Kingdom of Hawaii 1886-1888\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn November 1886, electric lights illuminated Iolani Palace's grounds for King Kalakaua's 50th birthday celebrations. By March 1887, the Palace had 325 incandescent lights installed within its 104 rooms. The king's action promoted economic development and accelerated implementation of electric lighting of the town of Honolulu on 23 March 1888.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Electric Lighting Of The Kingdom of Hawaii 1886-1888","link":"","lat":21.3067,"lon":-157.8589,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Ethernet_Local_Area_Network_(LAN),_1973-1985#_b4f5e3adbaa14ae3182bc625031bdf69\" title=\"Milestones:Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN), 1973-1985\"\u003EMilestones:Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN), 1973-1985\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEthernet wired LAN was invented at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in 1973, inspired by the ALOHAnet packet radio network and the ARPANET. In 1980, Xerox, DEC, and Intel published a specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over coaxial cable that became the IEEE 802.3-1985 Standard. Later augmented for higher speeds, and twisted-pair, optical, and wireless media, Ethernet became ubiquitous in home, commercial, industrial, and academic settings worldwide.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN), 1973-1985","link":"","lat":37.4027346,"lon":-122.1486011,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I,_1951#_2c4e70f6fc3cf179fe46c0f8ea0a7ba4\" title=\"Milestones:Experimental Breeder Reactor I, 1951\"\u003EMilestones:Experimental Breeder Reactor I, 1951\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUS Highway 20, 60 miles west of Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S.A. Dedication: 4 June 2004, IEEE Eastern Idaho Section. At this facility on 20 December 1951 electricity was first generated from the heat produced by a sustained nuclear reaction providing steam to a turbine generator. This event inaugurated the nuclear power industry in the United States. On 4 June 1953 EBR-I provided the first proof of breeding capability, producing one atom of nuclear fuel for each atom burned, and later produced electricity using a plutonium core reactor.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Experimental Breeder Reactor I, 1951","link":"","lat":43.532745,"lon":-112.942801,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:First_RISC_(Reduced_Instruction-Set_Computing)_Microprocessor_1980-1982#_410d5c2269d0399d017fa5fdd94f234c\" title=\"Milestones:First RISC (Reduced Instruction-Set Computing) Microprocessor 1980-1982\"\u003EMilestones:First RISC (Reduced Instruction-Set Computing) Microprocessor 1980-1982\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUC Berkeley students designed and built the first VLSI reduced instruction-set computer in 1981. The simplified instructions of RISC-I reduced the hardware for instruction decode and control, which enabled a flat 32-bit address space, a large set of registers, and pipelined execution. A good match to C programs and the Unix operating system, RISC-I influenced instruction sets widely used today, including those for game consoles, smartphones and tablets.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"First RISC (Reduced Instruction-Set Computing) Microprocessor 1980-1982","link":"","lat":37.875624,"lon":-122.258882,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:First_Working_Laser,_1960#_f6cb9c78bafc96e6eec6bdf74325e560\" title=\"Milestones:First Working Laser, 1960\"\u003EMilestones:First Working Laser, 1960\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHughes Laboratories, 3011 Malibu Canyon Rd, Malibu, CA. On this site in May 1960 Theodore Maiman built and operated the first laser. A number of teams around the world were trying to construct this theoretically anticipated device from different materials. Maiman\u2019s was based on a ruby rod optically pumped by a flash lamp. The laser was a transformative technology in the 20th century and continues to enjoy wide application in many fields of human endeavor.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"First Working Laser, 1960","link":"","lat":34.043404,"lon":-118.696016,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Folsom_Powerhouse,_1895#_c999c24a549927038f6eaeedbd55ef96\" title=\"Milestones:Folsom Powerhouse, 1895\"\u003EMilestones:Folsom Powerhouse, 1895\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFolsom was one of the earliest electrical plants to generate three-phase alternating current, and the first using three-phase 60 hertz. On 13 July 1895, General Electric generators began transmitting electricity 22 miles to Sacramento at 11000 volts, powering businesses, streetcars, and California's capitol. The plant demonstrated advantages of three-phase, 60 hertz long-distance transmission, which became standard, and promoted nationwide development of affordable hydropower.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Folsom Powerhouse, 1895","link":"","lat":38.5642041,"lon":-121.736633335,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Gravitational-Wave_Antenna,_1972-1989#_034a5c33a09abfe0a77c7a4f304a5941\" title=\"Milestones:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989\"\u003EMilestones:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELivingston, LA LIGO plaque: Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989Initially developed from 1972 to 1989, the Gravitational-Wave Antenna enabled detection of ripples in spacetime propagating at the speed of light, as predicted by Albert Einstein's 1916 Theory of General Relativity. Construction of Livingston's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) commenced in 1995. In 2015, LIGO antennas, located here and in Washington state, first detected gravitational waves produced 1.3 billion years ago from two merging black holes.Richland (Hanford), WA LIGO plaque:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989Initially developed from 1972 to 1989, the Gravitational-Wave Antenna enabled detection of ripples in spacetime propagating at the speed of light, as predicted by Albert Einstein's 1916 Theory of General Relativity. Construction of Hanford's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) commenced in 1994. In 2015, LIGO antennas, located here and in Louisiana, first detected gravitational waves produced 1.3 billion years ago from two merging black holes.Cascina (Pisa), Italy Virgo plaque:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989Initially developed from 1972 to 1989, the Gravitational-Wave Antenna enabled detection of ripples in spacetime propagating at the speed of light, as predicted by Albert Einstein's 1916 Theory of General Relativity. Construction of the Virgo Gravitational-Wave Observatory commenced in 1997. In 2017, Virgo and two antennas located in the U.S.A. launched the era of Multi-Messenger Astronomy with the coordinated detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star merger.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989","link":"","lat":46.4551589,"lon":-119.4096895,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Gravitational-Wave_Antenna,_1972-1989#_42f45acdf9ef5eb1f4c59e45b97aebc0\" title=\"Milestones:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989\"\u003EMilestones:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELivingston, LA LIGO plaque: Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989Initially developed from 1972 to 1989, the Gravitational-Wave Antenna enabled detection of ripples in spacetime propagating at the speed of light, as predicted by Albert Einstein's 1916 Theory of General Relativity. Construction of Livingston's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) commenced in 1995. In 2015, LIGO antennas, located here and in Washington state, first detected gravitational waves produced 1.3 billion years ago from two merging black holes.Richland (Hanford), WA LIGO plaque:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989Initially developed from 1972 to 1989, the Gravitational-Wave Antenna enabled detection of ripples in spacetime propagating at the speed of light, as predicted by Albert Einstein's 1916 Theory of General Relativity. Construction of Hanford's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) commenced in 1994. In 2015, LIGO antennas, located here and in Louisiana, first detected gravitational waves produced 1.3 billion years ago from two merging black holes.Cascina (Pisa), Italy Virgo plaque:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989Initially developed from 1972 to 1989, the Gravitational-Wave Antenna enabled detection of ripples in spacetime propagating at the speed of light, as predicted by Albert Einstein's 1916 Theory of General Relativity. Construction of the Virgo Gravitational-Wave Observatory commenced in 1997. In 2017, Virgo and two antennas located in the U.S.A. launched the era of Multi-Messenger Astronomy with the coordinated detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star merger.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989","link":"","lat":43.631222,"lon":10.504021,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Gravitational-Wave_Antenna,_1972-1989#_e8932204c6ba4247744eb25068c38209\" title=\"Milestones:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989\"\u003EMilestones:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELivingston, LA LIGO plaque: Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989Initially developed from 1972 to 1989, the Gravitational-Wave Antenna enabled detection of ripples in spacetime propagating at the speed of light, as predicted by Albert Einstein's 1916 Theory of General Relativity. Construction of Livingston's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) commenced in 1995. In 2015, LIGO antennas, located here and in Washington state, first detected gravitational waves produced 1.3 billion years ago from two merging black holes.Richland (Hanford), WA LIGO plaque:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989Initially developed from 1972 to 1989, the Gravitational-Wave Antenna enabled detection of ripples in spacetime propagating at the speed of light, as predicted by Albert Einstein's 1916 Theory of General Relativity. Construction of Hanford's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) commenced in 1994. In 2015, LIGO antennas, located here and in Louisiana, first detected gravitational waves produced 1.3 billion years ago from two merging black holes.Cascina (Pisa), Italy Virgo plaque:Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989Initially developed from 1972 to 1989, the Gravitational-Wave Antenna enabled detection of ripples in spacetime propagating at the speed of light, as predicted by Albert Einstein's 1916 Theory of General Relativity. Construction of the Virgo Gravitational-Wave Observatory commenced in 1997. In 2017, Virgo and two antennas located in the U.S.A. launched the era of Multi-Messenger Astronomy with the coordinated detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star merger.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Gravitational-Wave Antenna, 1972-1989","link":"","lat":30.56319,"lon":-90.77422,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:IEEE_Standard_754_for_Binary_Floating-Point_Arithmetic,_1985#_c29ccf54c1e92aa44e556301d5c2b1c0\" title=\"Milestones:IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic, 1985\"\u003EMilestones:IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic, 1985\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1978, faculty and students at U.C. Berkeley drafted what became IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic. Inspired by ongoing collaboration with Intel, the proposal revolutionized numerical computing. Its carefully crafted arithmetic and standard data types promoted unprecedented software reliability and portability. By 1980, microprocessor companies were already implementing the proposal.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic, 1985","link":"","lat":37.875624,"lon":-122.258882,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Inception_of_the_ARPANET,_1969#_31d565f847d32ba09d285ec3634702d8\" title=\"Milestones:Inception of the ARPANET, 1969\"\u003EMilestones:Inception of the ARPANET, 1969\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe \"Brown Box\" console, developed at Sanders Associates - later BAE Systems - between 1966 and 1968, was the first interactive video game system to use an ordinary home television set. This groundbreaking device and the production-engineered version Magnavox Odyssey game system (1972) spawned the commercialization of interactive console video games, which became a multi-billion dollar industry.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Inception of the ARPANET, 1969","link":"","lat":37.459237,"lon":-122.174149,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Mill_Creek_No._1_Hydroelectric_Plant,_1893#_3738316998608572fc6717750adfb36a\" title=\"Milestones:Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant, 1893\"\u003EMilestones:Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant, 1893\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENear Redlands in San Bernardino County, California, U.S.A. Dedication February 1997 - IEEE Foothill Section. (ASCE California Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, jointly designated with IEEE). Built by the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, the Mill Creek hydroelectric generating plant began operating on 7 September 1893. This powerhouse was foremost in the use of three-phase alternating current power for commercial application and was influential in the widespread adoption of three-phase power throughout the United States.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant, 1893","link":"","lat":34.087878,"lon":-117.0395,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Moore%27s_Law,_1965#_05aec021867ce6937578d753968fcaf7\" title=\"Milestones:Moore\u0026#39;s Law, 1965\"\u003EMilestones:Moore\u0026#39;s Law, 1965\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGordon E. Moore, co-founder of Fairchild and Intel, began his work in silicon microelectronics at Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1956. His 1965 prediction at Fairchild Semiconductor, subsequently known as \"Moore\u2019s Law,\u201d that the number of components on an integrated circuit will increase exponentially with time while cost per function decreases, guided the industry's contributions to advances in electronics and computing for more than fifty years.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Moore's Law, 1965","link":"","lat":37.4032937,"lon":-122.1111465,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Opana_Radar_Site,_1941#_748103a5c05083d87d242a025193c205\" title=\"Milestones:Opana Radar Site, 1941\"\u003EMilestones:Opana Radar Site, 1941\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKuhuku, Hawaii, U.S.A. Dedication: February 2000 - IEEE Hawaii Section. On December 7, 1941, an SCR-270b radar located at this site tracked incoming Japanese aircraft for over 30 minutes until they were obscured by the island ground clutter. This was the first wartime use of radar by the United States military, and led to its successful application throughout the theater.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Opana Radar Site, 1941","link":"","lat":21.704317726261,"lon":-157.99846866641,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Origin_of_the_IEEE_802_Family_of_Networking_Standards,_1980-1999#_088560006771d1c1429602f56319ceb0\" title=\"Milestones:Origin of the IEEE 802 Family of Networking Standards, 1980-1999\"\u003EMilestones:Origin of the IEEE 802 Family of Networking Standards, 1980-1999\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe necessity to standardize computer Local Area Networks (LANs) resulted in the IEEE Computer Society sponsoring LAN Standard Project 802 in 1980. Four 802 Working Groups formed by 1999 proved particularly successful and transformative: IEEE 802.1 (Bridging), IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi\u00ae), and IEEE 802.15 (Wireless Personal Area Networks). IEEE 802 standards defined ever-expanding networking speeds and features, thus enabling the seamless interconnection of computing devices worldwide.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Origin of the IEEE 802 Family of Networking Standards, 1980-1999","link":"","lat":37.4142744,"lon":-122.077409,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:PageRank_and_the_Birth_of_Google,_1996-1998#_76e98cae074f0c930a4829aed51f3d0f\" title=\"Milestones:PageRank and the Birth of Google, 1996-1998\"\u003EMilestones:PageRank and the Birth of Google, 1996-1998\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInvented in 1996, the PageRank citation algorithm was the basis of the search engine that launched Google\u2019s founding in 1998. PageRank interpreted hyperlinks as referrals, posited that a high-quality page should have high-quality pages providing referrals, and recursively produced useful ranking scores for all indexed pages. This recursive quality evaluation technique became widely adopted by other search engines, as well as social networks, peer-to-peer systems, and numerous other services.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"PageRank and the Birth of Google, 1996-1998","link":"","lat":37.4219444,"lon":-122.0794444,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Polymer_Self-Regulating_Heat-Tracing_Cable,_1972#_859f7e907ba950d47df0c9a2a05149e9\" title=\"Milestones:Polymer Self-Regulating Heat-Tracing Cable, 1972\"\u003EMilestones:Polymer Self-Regulating Heat-Tracing Cable, 1972\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1972, Raychem Corporation patented and began producing the first commercially successful electric self-regulating heat tracing cable. The conductive polymer in this cable revolutionized the temperature maintenance of process piping, which has had major applications in refineries and chemical plants, and made freeze protection of water pipes simple and energy efficient. By 2008, the firm had manufactured and sold one billion feet of this cable.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Polymer Self-Regulating Heat-Tracing Cable, 1972","link":"","lat":37.484929,"lon":-122.210652,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Public_Demonstration_of_Online_Systems_and_Personal_Computing,_1968#_d2ac0c5677c90dc38206d1a99f976fc6\" title=\"Milestones:Public Demonstration of Online Systems and Personal Computing, 1968\"\u003EMilestones:Public Demonstration of Online Systems and Personal Computing, 1968\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECommonly termed the \"Mother of All Demos,\" Douglas Engelbart and his team demonstrated their oNLine System (NLS) at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium on 9 December 1968. Connected via microwave link to the host computer and other remote users at SRI in Menlo Park, the demonstration showcased many fundamental technologies that would become ubiquitous, including collaborative online editing, hypertext, video conferencing, word processing, spell checking, revision control, and the mouse.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Public Demonstration of Online Systems and Personal Computing, 1968","link":"","lat":37.4576055,"lon":-122.1766375999,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:RAMAC,_1956#_c2ab87cd7aef56bec207f74c87d57788\" title=\"Milestones:RAMAC, 1956\"\u003EMilestones:RAMAC, 1956\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESanta Clara University, Bannan Engineering Center, Room 323, Santa Clara, California, U.S.A. Dedication: 26 May 2005, IEEE Santa Clara Valley Section. Developed by IBM in San Jose, California at 99 Notre Dame Street from 1952 until 1956, the Random Access Method of Accounting and Control (RAMAC) was the first computer system conceived around a radically new magnetic disk storage device. The extremely large capacity, rapid access, and low cost of magnetic disk storage revolutionized computer architecture, performance, and applications.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"RAMAC, 1956","link":"","lat":37.352729,"lon":-121.938178,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:SHAKEY:_The_World%E2%80%99s_First_Mobile_Intelligent_Robot,_1972#_1a249f4577b50f537d316ee078b3ef9c\" title=\"Milestones:SHAKEY: The World\u2019s First Mobile Intelligent Robot, 1972\"\u003EMilestones:SHAKEY: The World\u2019s First Mobile Intelligent Robot, 1972\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStanford Research Institute's Artificial Intelligence Center developed the world\u2019s first mobile intelligent robot, SHAKEY. It could perceive its surroundings, infer implicit facts from explicit ones, create plans, recover from errors in plan execution, and communicate using ordinary English. SHAKEY's software architecture, computer vision, and methods for navigation and planning proved seminal in robotics and in the design of web servers, automobiles, factories, video games, and Mars rovers.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"SHAKEY: The World\u2019s First Mobile Intelligent Robot, 1972","link":"","lat":37.4548167,"lon":-122.1720328,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:SPARC_RISC_Architecture,_1987#_0f538f62498353d6dcc3ffbd8313efc2\" title=\"Milestones:SPARC RISC Architecture, 1987\"\u003EMilestones:SPARC RISC Architecture, 1987\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESun Microsystems introduced SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) RISC (Reduced Instruction-Set Computing) in 1987. Building upon UC Berkeley RISC and Sun compiler and operating system developments, SPARC architecture was highly adaptable to evolving semiconductor, software, and system technology and user needs. The architecture delivered the highest performance, scalable workstations and servers, for engineering, business, Internet, and cloud computing applications.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"SPARC RISC Architecture, 1987","link":"","lat":37.392494,"lon":-121.95601,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:SPICE_(Simulation_Program_with_Integrated_Circuit_Emphasis),_1969-1970#_cd9c1d3991fdc9a3ad80b38c4e6c7e6c\" title=\"Milestones:SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis), 1969-1970\"\u003EMilestones:SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis), 1969-1970\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECory Hall, University of California, Berkeley. SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) was created at UC Berkeley as a class project in 1969-1970. It evolved to become the worldwide standard integrated circuit simulator. SPICE has been used to train many students in the intricacies of circuit simulation. SPICE and its descendants have become essential tools employed by virtually all integrated circuit designers.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis), 1969-1970","link":"","lat":37.875344,"lon":-122.257976,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Semiconductor_Planar_Process_and_Integrated_Circuit,_1959#_e677ceaee8f628fddae2821cb7d538cc\" title=\"Milestones:Semiconductor Planar Process and Integrated Circuit, 1959\"\u003EMilestones:Semiconductor Planar Process and Integrated Circuit, 1959\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFairchild Semiconductor Offices, Palo Alto, CA. The 1959 invention of the Planar Process by Jean A. Hoerni and the Integrated Circuit (IC) based on planar technology by Robert N. Noyce catapulted the semiconductor industry into the silicon IC era. This pair of pioneering inventions led to the present IC industry, which today supplies a wide and growing variety of advanced semiconductor products used throughout the world.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Semiconductor Planar Process and Integrated Circuit, 1959","link":"","lat":37.423497,"lon":-122.104325,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Stanford_Linear_Accelerator_Center,_1962#_dd855a2d0f5602e7e43e59fa8f4b35dc\" title=\"Milestones:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 1962\"\u003EMilestones:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 1962\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStanford, Stanford, California, U.S.A. Dedication: February 1984 - IEEE San Francisco Bay Area Council. (ASME National Historic Engineering Landmark, jointly designated with IEEE). The Stanford two-mile accelerator, the longest in the world, accelerates electrons to the very high energy needed in the study of subatomic particles and forces. Experiments performed here have shown that the proton, one of the building blocks of the atom, is in turn composed of smaller particles now called quarks. Other research here has uncovered new families of particles and demonstrated subtle effects of the weak nuclear force. This research requires the utmost precision in the large and unique electromechanical devices and systems that accelerate, define, deliver and store the beams of particles, and in the detectors that analyze the results of the particle interactions.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 1962","link":"","lat":37.421012,"lon":-122.206082,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:TPC-1_Transpacific_Cable_System,_1964#_d71251f26aba5f50d16c29892c283c6f\" title=\"Milestones:TPC-1 Transpacific Cable System, 1964\"\u003EMilestones:TPC-1 Transpacific Cable System, 1964\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe plaque may be viewed at Hawaiian Telcom, 1177 Bishop Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822 U.S.A. The first transpacific undersea coaxial telephone cable linking Japan, Hawaii, and the U.S. mainland was completed in 1964. President Lyndon B. Johnson and Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda inaugurated this communications link on 19 June 1964. This joint project involving American Telephone and Telegraph, Hawaiian Telephone Company, and Kokusai Denshin Denwa improved global communication and contributed to deep water submarine cable technologies.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"TPC-1 Transpacific Cable System, 1964","link":"","lat":21.309688,"lon":-157.859081,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:The_CP/M_Microcomputer_Operating_System,_1974#_7823fc29b9660f2c0442f0bbdc8e2561\" title=\"Milestones:The CP/M Microcomputer Operating System, 1974\"\u003EMilestones:The CP/M Microcomputer Operating System, 1974\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe plaque may be viewed at 801 Lighthouse Avenue, Pacific Grove, California, U.S.A. Dr. Gary A. Kildall demonstrated the first working prototype of CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) in Pacific Grove in 1974. Together with his invention of the BIOS (Basic Input Output System), Kildall\u2019s operating system allowed a microprocessor-based computer to communicate with a disk drive storage unit and provided an important foundation for the personal computer revolution.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"The CP/M Microcomputer Operating System, 1974","link":"","lat":36.623549,"lon":-121.923315,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:The_Development_of_RenderMan%C2%AE_for_Photorealistic_Graphics,_1981-1988#_bcaa056a5e7ea509fe1b4eb027aff50f\" title=\"Milestones:The Development of RenderMan\u00ae for Photorealistic Graphics, 1981-1988\"\u003EMilestones:The Development of RenderMan\u00ae for Photorealistic Graphics, 1981-1988\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"The Development of RenderMan\u00ae for Photorealistic Graphics, 1981-1988","link":"","lat":37.8326714,"lon":-122.2836945,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:The_Floating_Gate_EEPROM,_1976_-_1978#_1798f49fd73211735bfe6d301345ec51\" title=\"Milestones:The Floating Gate EEPROM, 1976 - 1978\"\u003EMilestones:The Floating Gate EEPROM, 1976 - 1978\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESanDisk Headquarters, Bldg. 6, which includes the main Visitors' Lobby. 601 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035 From 1976-1978, at Hughes Microelectronics in Newport Beach, California, the practicality, reliability, manufacturability and endurance of the Floating Gate EEPROM -- an electrically erasable device using a thin gate oxide and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling for writing and erasing -- was proven. As a significant foundation of data storage in flash memory, this fostered new classes of portable computing and communication devices which allow ubiquitous personal access to data.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"The Floating Gate EEPROM, 1976 - 1978","link":"","lat":37.417158,"lon":-121.920927,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:The_Xerox_Alto_Establishes_Personal_Networked_Computing,_1972-1983#_fbbaeea3496c3da4a61baa9db93343e8\" title=\"Milestones:The Xerox Alto Establishes Personal Networked Computing, 1972-1983\"\u003EMilestones:The Xerox Alto Establishes Personal Networked Computing, 1972-1983\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EXerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) researchers developed novel hardware and software for the Xerox Alto computer, setting the model for personal computing for decades. The Alto incorporated a high-resolution display, mouse, and PARC-developed Ethernet networking. Alto software developments in programming languages, graphical user interfaces, printing, graphics, word processing, networking, and email were widely and profoundly influential.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"The Xerox Alto Establishes Personal Networked Computing, 1972-1983","link":"","lat":37.4027346,"lon":-122.1486011,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"},{"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/Milestones:Transmission_Control_Protocol_(TCP)_Enables_the_Internet,_1974#_ad3768425eddaee7640efe8251439004\" title=\"Milestones:Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Enables the Internet, 1974\"\u003EMilestones:Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Enables the Internet, 1974\u003C/a\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn May 1974, the IEEE Transactions on Communications scientific journal published \u201cA Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.\u201d Authored by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, this paper described the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) that supported the interconnection of multiple packet-switched networks into a network of networks. Split later into TCP and an Internet Protocol (IP), TCP and IP became core components of the Internet that DARPA launched operationally in 1983.\n\u003C/p\u003E","title":"Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Enables the Internet, 1974","link":"","lat":37.4300184,"lon":-122.1733027,"icon":"/w/images/6/6a/Purplemarker.png"}],"imageLayers":[]}

Further Reading

Link to Region 6 Website