Milestones:Inverter-Driven Air Conditioner, 1980-1981
Title
Inverter Air Conditioners, 1980-1981
Citation
Toshiba developed and mass-produced the world’s first split-type air conditioners with inverter-driven compressors for commercial and residential applications in 1980 and 1981, respectively. Compact and robust inverters using power electronics technologies allowed variable-speed control of the compressors for optimized air-conditioning operations, with significantly improved comfort and energy efficiency. These innovations led to widespread use of inverter air conditioners across the world.
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Street address(es) and GPS coordinates of the Milestone Plaque Sites
336 Tadehara, Fuji-Shi, Shizuoka-Ken, 416-8521 Japan, GPS; 35.1479027, 138.6647401, 336 Tadehara, Fuji-Shi, Shizuoka-Ken, 416-8521 Japan, GPS; 35.1479027, 138.6647401
Details of the physical location of the plaque
The plaque is to be mounted on a monument built just outside the R&D Center building of Fuji Operations, the intended plaque site.
How the plaque site is protected/secured
Fuji Operations has its security control office at the entrance of the campus and has its security personnel to manage the access record to the campus. The exhibition place is publicly accessible with a prior appointment and no admission required. (Contact: AIRS, Fuji Operations, Toshiba Carrier Corporation; Phone: +81 545 62 5555)
Historical significance of the work
The achievement is about the world first inverter split air conditioners developed and commercialized by Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. or Toshiba, as known as Toshiba Carrier Corporation today [2]. Toshiba manufactured 100 units and 10,997 units for commercial and residential use, respectively, during the first year after the product launch in Japan in 1980 and 1981, respectively [1] [5]. Inverter split air conditioners have been widely used around the world since then to address global needs for air conditioning and have brought a breakthrough to the HVAC industry for triggering evolutions in later generations in terms of improved energy efficiency and comfort of the HVAC products.[7] [9 ; p.40, p.72]
The air conditioner has its origin in the United States as seen in an ice machine patented for the invention of Dr. John Gorrie in 1851 and the first modern air conditioning unit invented by Dr. Willis Carrier in 1902. Once considered a luxury, the air conditioner is essential and vital to maintain economy and daily lives around the world. [10]
In the early 70s, which is before the emergence of the inverter air conditioner, cooling/heating (i.e. heat pump) type air conditioners had a limited heating capacity and most of them needed auxiliary electric heaters in their indoor units to complement their heating capacity. As energy-saving awareness rose in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis, the emergence of new technology was long awaited for reducing energy loss by a continuous control of compressor capacity so that the conventional on-off control for temperature adjustment was to be replaced. Japanese HVAC manufacturers stood up to develop such new technology, as Japan, a nation scarce with key natural resources such as oil, was one of the countries hardest hit by the oil crisis and was desperate to address a nationwide call for energy conservation. [9 ; p.4]
The HVAC industries inside and outside Japan in fact had already started earlier to study various options for such new technologies. Many had predicted that the use of an inverter, or frequency converter, would be an optimal choice to serve the purpose, but inverters in those days were too large and expensive to be built into air conditioners [4]. Despite these challenges, Toshiba, with a state-of-the-art high-power transistor and microprocessor-controlled sinusoidal pulse width modulation, achieved a significant downsizing in its inverters. An inverter whose size and weight was only one-sixth that of a conventional inverter, was instrumental in Toshiba’s mass-production of 100 units and launch of the world’s first air conditioner for commercial use in December 1980 [2][11].
Toshiba’s next quest was to apply this inverter technology to residential air conditioners in the hope that the technology would also allow flexible capacity changes for residential air conditioners. The development started in January 1981. The biggest challenge was the price and size of the inverter. Given the size of residential air conditioning units, which are far smaller than commercial units, considerable effort for additional downsizing of inverter was necessary with a minimized cost. Through numerous trials and errors especially with developing the compressor and inverter for nearly one year, however, the residential split air conditioners were finally complete in December 1981 for mass-production and product launch in Japan. The size of the inverter was reduced to one-third that of a commercial inverter, which was small enough to be mounted above the compressor inside the outdoor unit, and the cost was reduced to 40% of the commercial air conditioners. Toshiba mass-produced 10,997 units of the residential air conditioners in Year 1 after the product launch. The energy efficiency of the inverter residential air conditioners saw approximately 40% improvement from that of the conventional fixed-speed models. [6][11][Photo1][Photo2].
The product received a rave review after a press release on November 12, 1981. Other HVAC players, who were reluctant to the challenging development of downsized inverters and lower costs and initially skeptical on Toshiba’s move, eventually followed suit of Toshiba after seeing Toshiba expanded its inverter lineup the following year. These circumstances have driven the ownership ratio of residential inverter air conditioners in Japan ahead of other countries by far and have also boosted Japanese HVAC manufacturers to a leading position in the world. In addition, the technologies used for the achievement, including drive control and downsizing, were also instrumental in promoting innovation of other various inverter-driven home appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines.
The inverter air conditioner, whose origin is Japan, is nowadays widely used throughout the world and is considered to have become the global standard of air conditioners. In 2018, countries and regions such as Japan, China, Europe, and Oceania saw a high inverter air conditioner ratio at 100%, 74%, 82%, and 100%, respectively. The inverter ratio in North America was notably low at 13%, because the inverter split air conditioning technology is relatively new in a long air conditioning history of North America; however, the inverter split air conditioner segment including residential ductless split air conditioners and variable refrigerant flow systems (VRF) has been recently growing faster than the entire heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) market in North America, and almost all U.S. based major HVAC manufacturers have added residential ductless split air conditioners and VRF to their product portfolio. The inverter ratio in regions such as the Middle East and Asia except for Japan and China are relatively low at 20% and 40%, respectively. However, as a part of efforts to tackle global environment issues and mitigating climate changes, many countries in the world including emerging countries are tightening their regulations on energy label and are shifting from conventional non-inverter fixed-speed air conditioners to inverter variable-speed air conditioners [7]. In addition, the inverter air conditioner is generally considered to bring better comfort to the humanity compared to the fix-speed air conditioner and as a result is contributing to improved human health, economy, and daily lives. [9 ; p.40]
As for historical significance in electrical engineering and science, the advent of the inverter split air conditioner has also made a significant contribution in the evolution of heat pump air conditioners. Heat pumps as a mechanism to pump up heat for both cooling and heating operations of air conditioners have existed for many years, however, in its early days the mechanism was mainly used not for both cooling and heating but for cooling only because of the low heating efficiency of heat pumps and the low fuel prices, which gave the edge to combustible heating systems using oil or gas. In order for heat pumps to be comparable to combustible heating systems in terms of energy efficiency, it was essential for heat pumps to attain 3 in Coefficient of Performance (COP, defined by the ratio of the output thermal energy to the input power).[9 ; p.72]
The advent of the inverter heat pump air conditioner drastically changed such landscape in Japan. In the early 1990’s, the evolution of inverter drive and power semiconductor device technologies played a major role to raise the energy efficiency of residential air conditioners above 3 in COP. In 1999, as Japan introduced the “Top Runner Program”, under which energy efficiency targets are set to be achieved within a given number of years on the basis of the most efficient model on the market, it propelled the competition among the HVAC manufacturers in Japan for improving its heat pump systems with the key inverter technology as well as other technologies such as inverter field oriented control, the use of rare earth permanent magnets and concentrated stator windings for compressors, and improved cooling fans and heat exchangers. As a result, the heat pump air conditioners witnessed a dramatic improvement in energy efficiency as the COP value in 2006 reached well above 6 for residential use and was able to run at the half the cost of combustible heating systems in a similar capacity [9 ; p.17, 39, 72].
Engineering efforts with inverter air conditioning technology have also raised the position of heat pumps to another level. In Japan, triggered by electric power shortage resulting from the nuclear power plant shutdown in the wake of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, the national government has been promoting the J-Credit Scheme, under which the government certifies the amount of greenhouse gas emissions reduced or removed by carbon dioxide sinks through efforts to introduce energy-saving devices as credit, and high efficiency heat pumps and high efficiency air conditioning facilities are included in this program [12]. In EU, heat pumps have been recognized as a renewable energy technology since 2006 and the aerothermal energy captured by heat pump is counted in its energy-related statistics. [9 ; p.54][13] In Japan, heat pumps have been positioned as a renewable energy technology by the Act for Enhancement for Energy Supply Structure of Japan since 2010. [14 ; p.3, p.9]
In such respects, the technology of inverter air conditioners, after almost 40 years since the first product was brought to the world, remains to be one of the key technologies. For its revolutionary innovation in the history of air conditioning technologies, the achievement has been bestowed with some of the highest honors in Japan: the Ichimura Prize in Industry for Distinguished Achievement in 1984 from the New Technology Development Foundation and the First “One-Step on Electro-Technology” in 2008 by the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan [1][11].
Features that set this work apart from similar achievements
Some attempts were made in around 1980 to adopt inverter technologies in the social infrastructure field such as train systems for variable speed drive motor control and chiller systems, in which chilled water is created, as seen in the case developed in 1977 by York, which retrofitted an external inverter unit for chiller units already in operation [8].
The achievement by Toshiba (i.e. inverter air conditioner split type) is a totally different system from the chiller system in terms of the product categories in the following points:
(i) The split inverter air conditioning system consists of an indoor unit and an outdoor unit; heat transfer between the indoor unit and outdoor unit is made through refrigerant for cooling and heating operations.
(ii) Toshiba’s inverter unit mounted inside the air conditioner is significantly smaller than York’s inverter unit installed on the floor separately from the chiller unit.
Significant references
[1] The First “One Step on Electro-Technology” Prize, by the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ): Inverter Air Conditioner, IEEJ 2009 (original text in Japanese with an English translation) //File: 1 The Journal of the IEEJ, Vol 129-2.pdf
[2] Kenji Iida; Capacity Control with Frequency Modulation System, REFRIGERATION journal, Japanese Association of Refrigeration, 1981 (original test in Japanese with an English Translation) //File: 2 REFRIGERATION", June 1981 Vol. 56, No. 644.pdf
[3] Ushimaru, Wilfert; Japanese Power Electronics Inverter Technology and Its Impact on the American Air Conditioning Industry, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for U.S. Department of Energy, 1990 //File: 3 US Department of Energy.pdf
[4] Muir, Griffith; Capacity Modulation for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems, Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration News 1979 //File: 4 Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration News.pdf
[5] Kuroda, Kitagaki; Energy Saving by Compressor Capacity Control of Air Conditioners, Toshiba Review Vol. 36, No.9, p.p. 849-852 1981 //File: 5 Toshiba Review Vol. 36, No. 9.pdf
[6] Ide, Shimma, Sugiyama; Air Conditioners Incorporating Variable-Capacity Control Inverter, Toshiba Review Vol. 37, No. 7, p.p. 635- 638 1982 //File: 6 Toshiba Review Vol. 37, No. 7.pdf
[7] World AC Market & Inverter Ratio, Toshiba Carrier Corporation and The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association //File: 7 World AC Market & Inverter Ratio.pdf
[8] YORK Centrifugal Compressors, A Brief History, p.p. 7-8 1996 https://www.johnsoncontrols.com/-/media/jci/be/united-states/hvac-equipment/chillers/files/be_vsd_history.pdf //File: 8 York be_vsd_history.pdf
[9] Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technology Center of Japan; Heat Pumps – Long-awaited Way Out of the Global Warming, 2007 //File: 9 Heat Pumps – Long-awaited Way Out of the Global Warming.pdf
[10] Department of Energy; History of Air Conditioning https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-air-conditioning //File: 10 History of Air Conditioning.pdf
[11] World’s First Residential Inverter Air Conditioner, Toshiba Science Museum https://toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp/learn/history/ichigoki/1981aircon/index_j.htm //File: 11 Toshiba Science Museum Toshiba Firsts of Their Kind.pdf
[12] Ministry of Economy; Trade and Industry (METI), J-Credit Scheme, 2020 https://japancredit.go.jp/english/ //File: 12 J credit.pdf
[13] European Commission; Energy for heating/ cooling from renewable sources https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/energy-heating-cooling-renewable-sources-2019-mar-04_en //File: 13 energy-heating-cooling-renewable-sources.pdf
[14] Act of Sophisticated Methods of Energy Supply Structures; Agency of Natural Resources and Energy of Japan, 2010 //File: 14 Act of Sophisticated Methods of Energy Supply Structures 2010 w translation.pdf
Supporting materials
File name; Photo1 RAS-225PKHV.jpg Summery; Photo of World First Inverter Air conditioner Split type for Residential use
File name; Photo2 RAS-225PKHV Inverter.jpg Summery; Photo of Inverter Unit
