ASME-Landmark:Grumman Wildcat "Sto-Wing" Wing-Folding Mechanism

The Wildcat's innovative "Sto-Wing" mechanism, developed in 1942 on the XF4F-4 prototype by Leroy (Roy) Grumman (1895-1982), a founder of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, was crucial to the U.S. Navy's success during World War II.

The idea of a folding wing was not new: as early as 1920, F.M. Osborne had patented a high-wing monoplane with folding wings, but never produced this design. A 1928 plane with folding wings designed by W. Leonard Bonney crashed on its first flight.

When the U.S. Navy desperately needed its aircraft to take up less space on ships, Grumman's engineers designed a safe and reliable wing-folding mechanism. Using a draft eraser and paper clips, Grumman found the proper angle at which the clips would need to pivot in order to open and refold. Although the original Sto-Wing operated with hydraulic cylinders, they added too much weight to the craft, so a model built from lighter materials was developed.

The Sto-Wing folding mechanism, by reducing the aircraft's overall size, increased carrying capacity on ships by 50 percent. The Wildcat was one of the few U.S. planes to be produced and used throughout World War II. Grumman incorporated features to protect the pilot and vital aircraft equipment so that the plane could continue flying and bring the plane and pilot back to the carrier in spite of severe battle damage, prompting pilots and competitors to commonly refer to Grumman as the "Grumman Ironworks"—a testament to the lightweight aluminum planes' reliability and durability. See ASME website for more information