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39.70652, -105.69792, Milestones:Georgetown Steam Hydro Generating Plant, 1900 Georgetown, Colorado, on South Clear Creek at east end of 6th Street Dedication: July 1999 - IEEE Denver Section Electric generating plants, through their high-voltage lines, provided critical power to the isolated mines in this region. Georgetown, completed in 1900, was unusual in employing both steam and water power. Its owner, United Light and Power Company, was a pioneer in using three-phase, 60-Hertz alternating current and in being interconnected with other utilities.

40.45418, -79.890567, Milestones:Westinghouse Radio Station KDKA, 1920 Keystone Commons, 700 Braddock Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Dedication: June 1994 - IEEE Pittsburgh Section Westinghouse Radio Station KDKA was a world pioneer of commercial radio broadcasting. Transmitting with a power of 100 watts on a wavelength of 360 meters, KDKA began scheduled programming with the Harding-Cox Presidential election returns on November 2, 1920. A shed, housing studio and transmitter, was atop the K Building of the Westinghouse East Pittsburgh works. Conceived by C.P. Davis, broadcasting as a public service evolved from Frank Conrad's weekly experimental broadcasts over his amateur radio station 8XK, attracting many regular listeners who had wireless receiving sets.

28.523314, -80.68206, Milestones:Electronic Technology for Space Rocket Launches, 1950-1969 Kennedy Space Center, Orsino, Florida Dedication: February 2001 - IEEE Canaveral Section The demonstrated success in space flight is the result of electronic technology developed at Cape Canaveral, the J. F. Kennedy Space Center, and other sites, and applied here. A wide variety of advances in radar tracking, data telemetry, instrumentation, space-to-ground communications, on-board guidance, and real-time computation were employed to support the U.S. space program. These and other electronic developments provided infrastructure necessary for the successful landing of men on the moon in July 1969 and their safe return to earth.

42.202069, -104.565302, Milestones:Transcontinental Telegraph, 1861 Fort Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A. Dedication: August 1990 - IEEE Denver Section Between July 4 and October 24, 1861, a telegraph line was constructed by the Western Union Company between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California, thereby completing the first high-speed communications link between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. This service met the critical demand for fast communications between these two areas. The telegraph line operated until May 1869, when it was replaced by a multi-wire system constructed with the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railway lines.

40.328114, -74.633393, Milestones:Liquid Crystal Display, 1968 David Sarnoff Library, 201 Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A. Dedication: 30 September 06 Between 1964 and 1968, at the RCA David Sarnoff Research Center in Princeton, New Jersey, a team of engineers and scientists led by George H. Heilmeier with Louis A. Zanoni and Lucian A. Barton, devised a method for electronic control of light reflected from liquid crystals and demonstrated the first liquid crystal display. Their work launched a global industry that now produces millions of LCDs annually for watches, calculators, flat-panel displays in televisions, computers and instruments.

32.800045, 34.999952, Milestones:Lempel-Ziv Data Compression Algorithm, 1977 Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Dedication: September 2004, IEEE Israel Section The data compression algorithm developed at this site in 1977 by Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv became a basis for enabling data transmission via the internet in an efficient way. It contributed significantly in making the internet a global communications medium.

51.50749, -0.124899, Milestones:Benjamin Franklin's work in London, 1757-1775

36 Craven Street, London, England

Dedication: 31 March 2003 - IEEE UKRI Section Benjamin Franklin, American electrician, printer, and diplomat, spent many years on Craven Street. He lived at No. 7 between 1772 and 1775 and at No. 36 from 1757-1762 and again from 1764-1772. During these years, Franklin popularized the study of electricity, performed experiments, and served as an advisor on lightning conductors.

47.251132, 7.829732, Milestones:Marconi's Early Wireless Experiments, 1895

Salvan, Wallis, Switzerland

Dedication: 26 September 2003, IEEE Switzerland Section On this spot in 1895, with local assistance, Guglielmo Marconi carried out some of the first wireless experiments. He first transmitted a signal from this "Shepherdess Stone" over a few meters and later, following one and a half months of careful adjustments, over a distance of up to one and a half kilometers. This was the beginning of Marconi's pivotal involvement in wireless radio.

40.56503, -74.33743, Milestones:Thomas Alva Edison Historic Site at Menlo Park, 1876 Menlo Park, Edison, NJ Dedication: 9 September 2006 Between 1876 and 1882 at Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison developed the world's first industrial research and development laboratory devoted to developing new technology. At this laboratory. Edison and his staff developed the first system of incandescent electric lighting and electric power generation, and invented recorded sound and a commercially successful telephone transmitter.

35.686871, 139.756363, Milestones:Mount Fuji Radar System, 1964 Mount Fuji, Shizouka Prefecture, Japan Dedication: March 2000, IEEE Nagoya Section The plaque is in a display case at the Meterological Museum, 1-3-4 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Completed in 1964 as the highest weather radar in the world in the pre-satellite era, the Mount Fuji Radar System almost immediately warned of a major storm over 800 km away. In addition to advancing the technology of weather radar, it pioneered aspects of remote-control and low-maintenance of complex electronic systems. The radar was planned by the Japan Meteorological Agency and constructed by Mitsubishi Electric Corporation.

46.228442, 6.072216, Milestones:CERN Experimental Instrumentation, 1968 CERN Laboratories, Geneva, Switzerland, Dedication: 26 September 2005, IEEE France Section, endorsed by the IEEE Switzerland Section At CERN laboratories the invention of multiple-wire proportional chambers and drift chambers revolutionized the domain of electronic particle detectors, leading to new research on the constitution of matter. The development of unique electrical and electronic devices made possible the major high-energy physics experiments which have been recognized worldwide.

45.508095, -73.562355, Milestones:First 735 kV AC Transmission System, 1965 Quebec, Canada, Dedication: November 2005 Hydro-Quebec's 735,000 volt electric power transmission system was the first in the world to be designed, built and operated at an alternating-current voltage above 700 kV. This development extended the limits of long-distance transmission of electrical energy. On 29 November 1965 the first 735 kV line was inaugurated. Power was transmitted from the Manicouagan-Outardes hydro-electric generating complex to Montreal, a distance of 600 km.

37.421012, -122.206082, Milestones:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 1962 Stanford, Stanford, California, U.S.A. Dedication: February 1984 - IEEE San Francisco Bay Area Council (ASME National Historic Engineering Landmark, jointly designated with IEEE) The Stanford two-mile accelerator, the longest in the world, accelerates electrons to the very high energy needed in the study of subatomic particles and forces. Experiments performed here have shown that the proton, one of the building blocks of the atom, is in turn composed of smaller particles now called quarks. Other research here has uncovered new families of particles and demonstrated subtle effects of the weak nuclear force. This research requires the utmost precision in the large and unique electromechanical devices and systems that accelerate, define, deliver and store the beams of particles, and in the detectors that analyze the results of the particle interactions.

43.081784, -79.042946, Milestones:Adams Hydroelectric Generating Plant, 1895 Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.A. Dedication: June 1990 - IEEE Buffalo Section Only the 1895 transformer house,(long, grey-roofed building in center of satellite photo) designed by the famous architects McKim, Mead and White, remains at the original location. The entrance to the first Adams plant has been re-erected in the park on Goats Island (between the falls). When the Adams Plant went into operation on August 26, 1895, it represented a key victory for alternating-current systems over direct-current. The clear advantage of high voltage AC for long distance power transmission and the unprecedented size of the plant (it reached its full capacity of ten 5,000-HP generators in May 1900) influenced the future of the electrical industry worldwide.

42.809949, -73.951549, Milestones:Alexanderson Radio Alternator, 1904 General Electric Co., 1 River Rd, Building 37, Schenectady, New York, U.S.A. Dedication: February 1992 - IEEE Schenectady Section The Alexanderson radio alternator was a high-power, radio-frequency source which provided reliable transoceanic radiotelegraph communication during and after World War I. Ernst F.W. Alexanderson (1878-1975), a General Electric engineer, designed radio alternators with a frequency range to 100 kHz and a power capability from 2 kW to 200 kW. These machines, developed during the period 1904 to 1918, were used in research on high-frequency properties of materials as well as for international communications.

45.351207, -75.853531, Shirley's Bay Research Centre, Nepean, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Driven by the need to understand the characteristics of radio communication in Canada's North, Canadian researchers focused on the exploration of the earth's upper atmosphere, the ionosphere. Canada's satellite program commenced with the launch of Alouette-I on September 29, 1962. Alouette-II followed in 1965, ISIS-I in 1969, ISIS-II in 1971. The Alouette/ISIS tracking antenna serves as a reminder of Canada's contribution to this international effort in space science.

42.198443, -73.361209, Milestones:Alternating Current Electrification, 1886 1886 Corner of Cottage and Main Streets, Great Barrington, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Dedication: 2 October 2004, IEEE Berkshire Section On 20 March 1886 William Stanley provided alternating current electrification to offices and stores on Main Street in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He thus demonstrated the first practical system for providing electrical illumination using alternating current with transformers to adjust voltage levels of the distribution system.

37.865501, -107.881683, Milestones:Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant, 1891 Colorado State Highway 145, near Ophir, Colorado, U.S.A. Dedication: July 1988 - IEEE Pikes Peak Section Electricity produced here in the spring of 1891 was transmitted 2.6 miles over rugged and at times inaccessible terrain to provide power for operating the motor-driven mill at the Gold King Mine. This pioneering demonstration of the practical value of transmitting electrical power was a significant precedent in the United States for much larger plants at Niagara Falls (in 1895) and elsewhere. Electricity at Ames was generated at 3000 volts, 133 Hertz, single-phase AC, by a 100-hp Westinghouse alternator.

18.344424, -66.753144, Milestones:NAIC/Arecibo Radiotelescope, 1963 Arecibo Observatory, Arecibo, Puerto Rico Dedication: November 2001 - IEEE Puerto Rico & Caribbean Section The Arecibo Observatory, the world's largest radiotelescope, was dedicated in 1963. Its design and implementation led to advances in the electrical engineering areas of antenna design, signal processing, and electronic instrumentation, and in the mechanical engineering areas of antenna suspension and drive systems. The drive system positions all active parts of the antenna with millimeter precision, regardless of temperature changes, enabling the telescope to maintain an accurate focus. Its subsequent operation led to advances in the scientific fields of radioastronomy, planetary studies, and space and atmospheric sciences.

42.024, -93.6392, Milestones:Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 1939 226 Atanasoff Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Dedication: April 1990 - IEEE Central Iowa Section John Vincent Atanasoff conceived basic design principles for the first electronic-digital computer in the winter of 1937 and, assisted by his graduate student, Clifford E. Berry, constructed a prototype here in October 1939. It used binary numbers, direct logic for calculation, and a regenerative memory. It embodied concepts that would be central to the future development of computers.

40.434703, -79.890567, Milestones:Westinghouse "Atom Smasher," 1937 Avenue A and West Street, Forest Hills Borough, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Dedication May 1985 - IEEE Pittsburgh Section The five million volt van de Graaff generator represents the first large-scale program in nuclear physics established in industry. Constructed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1937, it made possible precise measurements of nuclear reactions and provided valuable research experience for the company's pioneering work in nuclear power.

52.005855, -0.727749, Milestones:Code-breaking at Bletchley Park during World War II, 1939-1945 Bletchley Park, Milton Keynes, England Dedication: 1 April 2003 - IEEE United Kingdom/Republic of Ireland Section On this site during the 1939-45 World War, 12,000 men and women broke the German Lorenz and Enigma ciphers, as well as Japanese and Italian codes and ciphers. They used innovative mathematical analysis and were assisted by two computing machines developed here by teams led by Alan Turing: the electro-mechanical Bombe developed with Gordon Welchman, and the electronic Colossus designed by Tommy Flowers. These achievements greatly shortened the war, thereby saving countless lives.

42.351588, -71.068988, Milestones:Power System of Boston's Rapid Transit, 1889 Dedication: 10 November 2004, IEEE Boston Section Ten Park Plaza, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Boston was the first city to build electric traction for a large-scale rapid transit system. The engineering challenge to design and construct safe, economically viable, and reliable electric power for Boston's rapid transit was met by the West End Street Railway Company, beginning in 1889. The company's pioneering efforts provided an important impetus to the adoption of mass transit systems nationwide.

43.532745, -112.942801, Milestones:Experimental Breeder Reactor I, 1951 US Highway 20, 60 miles west of Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S.A. Dedication: 4 June 2004, IEEE Eastern Idaho Section At this facility on 20 December 1951 electricity was first generated from the heat produced by a sustained nuclear reaction providing steam to a turbine generator. This event inaugurated the nuclear power industry in the United States. On 4 June 1953 EBR-I provided the first proof of breeding capability, producing one atom of nuclear fuel for each atom burned, and later produced electricity using a plutonium core reactor.

34.602976, 135.858976, Milestones:Pioneering Work on Electronic Calculators, 1964-1973 Sharp Memorial Hall, Tenri Factory, Nara Prefecture, Japan Dedication: December 2005 A Sharp Corporation project team designed and produced several families of electronic calculators on the basis of all-transistor (1964), bipolar and MOS integrated circuit (1967), MOS Large Scale Integration (1969) and CMOS-LSI/Liquid Crystal Display (1973). The integration of CMOS-LSI and LCD devices onto a single glass substrate yielded battery-powered calculators. These achievements made possible the widespread personal use of hand-held calculators.

53.38172, -6.590429, Milestones:Callan's Pioneering Contributions to Electrical Science and Technology, 1836 Electronic Engineering and Biosciences Building, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland Dedication: September 2006 Reverend Nicholas Callan (1799 - 1864), professor of Natural Philosophy at Saint Patrick's College Maynooth, contributed significantly to the understanding of electrical induction and the development of the induction coil. He did this through a series of experiments that made the inductive transient phenomena visibly clear. The apparatus used in these experiments was replicated in other laboratories.

32.77771, -79.933403, Milestones:First Central Station in South Carolina, 1882 94 Queen Street, Charleston, South Carolina Dedication: July 1986 - IEEE Coastal South Carolina Section The United States Electric Illuminating Company started up South Carolina's first central station for incandescent electric lighting in this building in October 1882. This was just one month after Thomas Edison opened his central station on New York City's Pearl Street. In the following years, the pioneering firm of United States Electric was one of Edison's main competitors.

-37.090514, -73.159676, Milestones:Chivilingo Hydroelectric Plant, 1897 14km south of Lota, Chile Dedication: October 2001, IEEE Chile Section The 1897 430 kW Chivilingo Plant was the first hydroelectric plant in Chile and the second in South America. A 10 km line fed the Lota coal mines and the railway extracting minerals 12 km from shore under the sea. It represented a new key technology and a new source of electrical energy in the region as a tool for economic development. Chivilingo demonstrated the advantages of industrial use of electricity and hastened its widespread adoption in Chile.

42.028337, -91.638685, Milestones:Long-Range Shortwave Voice Transmissions from Byrd's Antarctic Expedition, 1934 Rockwell Collins, 400 Collins Rd, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, U.S.A. Dedication: February 2001 - IEEE Cedar Rapids Section Beginning 3 February 1934, Vice Admiral Richard E. Byrd's Antarctic Expedition transmitted news releases to New York via short-wave radio voice equipment. From New York, the US nationwide CBS network broadcast the news releases to the public. Previous expeditions had been limited to dot-dash telegraphy, but innovative equipment from the newly formed Collins Radio Company made this long-range voice transmission feasible.

51.826819, -10.172038, Milestones:County Kerry Transatlantic Cable Stations, 1866

Cable Station, Waterville, County Kerry, Ireland

July 2000 - IEEE UKRI Section On July 13, 1866 the Great Eastern steamed westward from Valentia, laying telegraph cable behind her. The successful landing at Heart's Content, Newfoundland on July 27 established a permanent electrical communications link that altered for all time personal, commercial and political relations between people across the Atlantic Ocean. Later, additional cables were laid from Valentia and new stations opened at Ballinskelligs (1874) and Waterville (1884), making County Kerry a major focal point for global communications.

43.116335, -79.248669, Milestones:Decew Falls Hydro-Electric Plant, 1898 DeCew Falls, Ontario, Canada Dedication: 2 May 2004, IEEE Hamilton Section The Decew Falls Hydro-Electric Development was a pioneering project in the generation and transmission of electrical energy at higher voltages and at greater distances in Canada. On 25 August 1898 this station transmitted power at 22,500 Volts, 66 2/3 Hz, two-phase, a distance of 56 km to Hamilton, Ontario. Using the higher voltage permitted efficient transmission over that distance.

43.193841, -80.384127, Milestones:First Distant Speech Transmission in Canada, 1876 91, Grand River St. N, Paris, Ontario, Canada The location is now "The River Lilly" store Dedication: 4 May 2008 On 10 August 1876, Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated on this site that the human voice could be transmitted electrically over distance. While family members spoke into a transmitter in Brantford, 13 km away, Bell was able to hear them at a receiver located here. This test convinced Bell that the invention could be used for communication between towns and could compete successfully with the telegraph.

42.343968, -71.090885, Milestones:Electric Fire Alarm System, 1852 59 Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. On 28 April 1852 the first municipal electric fire alarm system using call boxes with automatic signaling to indicate the location of a fire was placed into operation in Boston. Invented by William Channing and Moses Farmer, this system was highly successful in reducing property loss and deaths due to fire and was subsequently adopted throughout the United States and in Canada.

42.359377, -71.058043, Milestones:First Intelligible Voice Transmission over Electric Wire, 1876 City Hall Plaza, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Dedication: 10 March 2006 The first transmission of intelligible speech over electrical wires took place on March 10, 1876. Inventor Alexander Graham Bell called out to his assistant Thomas Watson, "Mr. Watson, come here! I want to see you." This transmission took place in their attic laboratory located in a building near here at 5 Exeter Place.

51.523033, -0.131607, Milestones:Fleming Valve, 1904 University College, London, England Dedication: 1 July 2004, IEEE UKRI Section Beginning in the 1880s Professor John Ambrose Fleming of University College London investigated the Edison effect, electrical conduction within a glass bulb from an incandescent filament to a metal plate. In 1904 he constructed such a bulb and used it to rectify high frequency oscillations and thus detect wireless signals. The same year Fleming patented the device, later known as the Fleming valve.

45.813525, 9.075411, Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799

Tempio Voltiano, Guglielmo Marconi, Como, Italy

Dedication: September 1999 - IEEE North Italy Section In 1799, Alessandro Volta developed the first electrical battery. This battery, known as the Voltaic Cell, consisted of two plates of different metals immersed in a chemical solution. Volta's development of the first continuous and reproducible source of electrical current was an important step in the study of electromagnetism and in the development of electrical equipment.

34.001, -117.02, Milestones:Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant. 1893 Near Redlands in San Bernardino County, California, U.S.A. Dedication February 1997 - IEEE Foothills Section (ASCE California Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, jointly designated with IEEE) Built by the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, the Mill Creek hydroelectric generating plant began operating on 7 September 1893. This powerhouse was foremost in the use of three-phase alternating current power for commercial application and was influential in the widespread adoption of three-phase power throughout the United States.

42.37447, -71.105759, Milestones:MIT Radiation Laboratory, 1940-1945 Original Radiation Lab, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Dedication: October 1990 - IEEE Boston Section The MIT Radiation Laboratory, operated on this site between 1940 and 1945, advanced the allied war effort by making fundamental contributions to the design and deployment of microwave radar systems. Used on land, sea, and in the air, in many adaptations, radar was a decisive factor in the outcome of the conflict. The laboratory's 3900 employees made lasting contributions to microwave theory and technology, operational radar, systems engineering, long-range navigation, and control equipment.

40.328114, -74.633393, Milestones:Monochrome-Compatible Electronic Color Television, 1946-1953 Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A. Dedication: November 2001, IEEE Princeton/Central New Jersey Section On this site between 1946 and 1950 the research staff of RCA Laboratories invented the world's first electronic, monochrome-compatible, color television system. They worked with other engineers in the industry for three years to develop a national analog standard based on this system, which lasted until the transition to digital broadcasting.

39.75877, -84.191658, Milestones:US Naval Computing Machine Laboratory, 1942-1945 Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A. Dedication: October 2001 - IEEE Dayton Section In 1942, the United States Navy joined with the National Cash Register Company to design and manufacture a series of code-breaking machines. This project was located at the U.S. Naval Computing Machine Laboratory in Building 26, near this site. The machines built here, including the American "Bombes", incorporated advanced electronics and significantly influenced the course of World War II.

54.218428, -97.613096, Milestones:Nelson River HVDC Transmission System, 1972 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Dedication: 3 June 2005, IEEE Winnipeg Section On 17 June 1972, the Nelson River High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission system began delivery of electric power. It used the highest operating voltage to deliver the largest amount of power from a remote site to a city. The bipolar scheme gave superior line reliability and the innovative use of the controls added significantly to the overall system capabilities. Finally, the scheme used the largest mercury arc valves ever developed for such an application.

41.05154, -73.54225, Milestones:Alternating-Current Electrification of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 1907 Cos Cob, Connecticut, U.S.A. Dedicated May 1982 - IEEE Connecticut Section (ASME National Historic Engineering Landmark, jointly designated with IEEE) This was a pioneering venture in mainline railroad electrification. It established single-phase alternating current as a technical and economical alternative to direct current. This concept exerted considerable influence over subsequent systems both in the United States and abroad. The major components of the system were developed by the engineering staffs of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad and the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company of East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

39.952810, -75.190048, Milestones:Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, 1946 Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia Dedication: September 1987 - IEEE Philadelphia Section A major advance in the history of computing occurred at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946 when engineers put the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) into operation. Designed and constructed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering under a U. S. Army contract during World War II, the ENIAC established the practicality of large scale, electronic digital computers and strongly influenced the development of the modern, stored-program, general-purpose computer.

42.335699, -83.043004, Milestones:One-Way Police Radio Communication, 1928 1300 Beaubien, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A. Dedicated May 1987 - IEEE Southeastern Michigan Section At this site on April 7, 1928 the Detroit Police Department commenced regular one-way radio communication with its patrol cars. Developed by personnel of the department's radio bureau, the system was the product of seven years of experimentation under the direction of police commissioner, William P. Rutledge. Their work proved the practicality of land-mobile radio for police work and led to its adoption throughout the country.

21.2049, -156.96958, Milestones:Opana Radar Site, 1941 Kuhuku, Hawaii, U.S.A. Dedication: February 2000 - IEEE Hawaii Section On December 7, 1941, an SCR-270b radar located at this site tracked incoming Japanese aircraft for over 30 minutes until they were obscured by the island ground clutter. This was the first wartime use of radar by the United States military, and led to its successful application throughout the theater.

-33.979012, 18.4823, Milestones:First Operational Use Of Wireless Telegraphy, 1899-1902 Telkom Museum, Victoria and Albert Waterfront, Cape Town, South Africa Dedication: September 1999 - IEEE South Africa Section The first use of wireless telegraphy in the field occurred during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). The British Army experimented with Marconi's system and the British Navy successfully used it for communication among naval vessels in Delagoa Bay, prompting further development of Marconi's wireless telegraph system for practical uses.

44.93875, -93.321602, Milestones:First Wearable Cardiac Pacemaker, 1957-1958 Bakken Library and Museum, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A. Dedication: October 1999 - IEEE Twin Cities Section During the winter of 1957-58, Earl E. Bakken developed the first wearable transistorized pacemaker, the request of heart surgeon, Dr. C. Walton Lillehei. As earlier pacemakers were AC-powered, this battery-powered device liberated patients from their power-cord tethers. The wearable pacemaker was a significant step in the evolution to fully-implantable units.

8.934253, -79.565392, Milestones:Panama Canal Electrical and Control Installations, 1914 Panama Canal, Southern End, Panama Dedication: 4 April 2003 - IEEE Panama Section The Panama Canal project included one of the largest and most important electrical installations in the world early in the 20th century. The use of 1022 electric motors with an installed capacity of 28,290 horsepower largely replaced the steam and water powered equipment then in common use. Reliability and safety were also engineered into the innovative electrical control system, enabling remote lock operation from a central location.

50.03238, -5.255764, Milestones:Transmission of Transatlantic Radio Signals, 1901 National Trust Visitor Center, Poldhu, England Dedication: 12 December 2001 - IEEE United Kingdom/Republic of Ireland Section On December 12, 1901, a radio transmission of the Morse code letter 'S' was broadcast from this site, using equipment built by John Ambrose Fleming. At Signal Hill in Newfoundland, Guglielmo Marconi, using a wire antenna kept aloft by a kite, confirmed the reception of these first transatlantic radio signals. These experiments showed that radio signals could propagate far beyond the horizon, giving radio a new global dimension for communications in the twentieth century.

41.759612, -72.681905, Milestones:FM Police Radio Communication, 1940 Department of Public Safety, State Police, 100 Washington St., Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A. Dedication: June 1987 - IEEE Connecticut Section A major advance in police radio occurred in 1940 when the Connecticut state police began operating a two-way, frequency modulated (FM) system in Hartford. The statewide system developed by Daniel E. Noble of the University of Connecticut and engineers at the Fred M. Link Company greatly reduced static, the main problem of the amplitude modulated (AM) system. FM mobile radio became standard throughout the country following the success of the Connecticut system.

59.943371, 30.378571, Milestones:Popov's Contribution to the Development of Wireless Communication, 1895 St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, Professor Popov str. 5, St. Petersburg, Russia IEEE Russia (Northwest) Section, Dedication: May 2005 On 7 May 1895, A. S. Popov demonstrated the possibility of transmitting and receiving short, continuous signals over a distance up to 64 meters by means of electromagnetic waves with the help of a special portable device responding to electrical oscillation which was a significant contribution to the development of wireless communication.

55.676285, 12.56928, Milestones:Poulsen-Arc Radio Transmitter, 1902 Lyngby Radio, Northern Copenhagen, Denmark Dedication: May 1994 - IEEE Denmark Section Valdemar Poulsen, a Danish engineer, invented an arc converter as a generator of continuous-wave radio signals in 1902. Beginning in 1904, Poulsen used the arc for experimental radio transmission from Lyngby to various receiving sites in Denmark and Great Britain. Poulsen-arc transmitters were used internationally until they were superseded by vacuum-tube transmitters.

46.999851, 6.953389, Milestones:Pioneering Work on the Quartz Electronic Wristwatch, 1962-1967 Observatoire Cantonal de Neuchâtel, Rue de l'Observatoire, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Dedication: 28 September 2002, IEEE Switzerland Section A key milestone in development of the quartz electronic wristwatch in Switzerland was the creation in 1962 of the Centre Electronique Horloger of Neuchâtel. The Centre produced the first prototypes incorporating dedicated integrated circuits that set new timekeeping performance records at the International Chronometric Competition held at this observatory in 1967. Since then quartz watches, with hundreds of millions of units produced, became an extremely successful electronic system.

35.713322, 139.809265, Milestones:Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, 1969 Seiko Institute of Horology, Tokyo, Japan Dedication: 25 November 2004, IEEE Tokyo Section After ten years of research and development at Suwa Seikosha, a manufacturing company of Seiko Group, a team of engineers headed by Tsuneya Nakamura produced the first quartz wristwatch to be sold to the public. The Seiko Quartz-Astron 35SQ was introduced in Tokyo on December 25, 1969. Crucial elements included a quartz crystal oscillator, a hybrid integrated circuit, and a miniature stepping motor to turn the hands. It was accurate to within five seconds per month.

34.69978, 135.46958, Milestones:Railroad Ticket Examining System, 1965-1971

Dedication: 27 November 2007, IEEE Kansai Section Pioneering ticket examining machines, designed to speed commuter railroad use substantially, were first installed in 1965, based on work by a joint research team of Osaka University and Kintetsu Corporation. Following this work, an improved version -- based on joint work by Omron, Kintetsu, and Hankyu corporations using punched cards and magnetic cards -- was first deployed in 1967 and at nineteen stations in 1971.

37.352729, -121.938178, Milestones:RAMAC, 1956 Santa Clara University, Bannan Engineering Center, Room 323, Santa Clara, California, U.S.A. Dedication: 26 May 2005, IEEE Santa Clara Valley Section Developed by IBM in San Jose, California at 99 Notre Dame Street from 1952 until 1956, the Random Access Method of Accounting and Control (RAMAC) was the first computer system conceived around a radically new magnetic disk storage device. The extremely large capacity, rapid access, and low cost of magnetic disk storage revolutionized computer architecture, performance, and applications.

40.443877, -3.727198, Milestones:Early Developments in Remote-Control, 1901 Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain Dedication: 15 March 2007, IEEE Spain Section In 1901, the Spanish engineer, Leonardo Torres-Quevedo began the development of a system, which he called Telekine, which was able to do "mechanical movements at a distance." The system was a way of testing dirigible balloons of his own creation without risking human lives. In 1902 and 1903 he requested some patents for the system. With the Telekine, Torres-Quevedo laid down modern wireless remote-control operation principles.

37.548715, -77.432755, Milestones:Richmond Union Passenger Railway, 1888 North 5th St., between Marshall and Leigh, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A. Richmond, VA Dedicated February 1992 - IEEE Richmond Section In February 1888, the electric street railway system designed by Frank Julian Sprague for the Richmond Union Passenger Railway began operating in Richmond, Virginia. Sprague's Richmond system became the lasting prototype for electric street railways because of its large-scale practicality and operating superiority. This system, which combined Sprague's engineering innovations with other proven technical features, helped shape urban growth worldwide.

48.773925, -3.517225, Milestones:First Transatlantic Reception of a Television Signal via Satellite, 1962 Musee des Telecoms, Pleumeur-Bodou, France Dedicated July 2002 - IEEE France Section (Pleumeur-Bodou) On 11 July 1962 this site received the first transatlantic transmission of a TV signal from a twin station in Andover, Maine, USA via the TELSTAR satellite. The success of TELSTAR and the earth stations, the first built for active satellite communications, illustrated the potential of a future world-wide satellite system to provide communications between continents.

50.056679, -5.18539, Milestones:First Transatlantic Television Signal via Satellite, 1962 Doonhilly Downs, Cornwall, England, Dedication: July 2002 - IEEE United Kingdom Republic of Ireland Section On 11 July 1962 this site transmitted the first live television signal across the Atlantic from Europe to the USA, via TELSTAR. This Satellite Earth Station was designed and built by the British Post Office Engineering Department. Known as 'Arthur' (of "Knights of the Round Table" fame), its open-dish design became a model for satellite television earth stations throughout the world.

52.663857, -8.626772, Milestones:Shannon Scheme for the Electrification of the Irish Free State, 1929 Ardnacrusha Power Station, Ardnacrusha, County Limerick, Ireland Dedicated 29 July 2002. IEEE United Kingdom/Republic of Ireland Section (IEEE Milestone and ASCE International Historic Engineering Landmark) The Shannon Scheme was officially opened at Parteen Weir on 22 July 1929. One of the largest engineering projects of its day, it was successfully executed by Siemens to harness the Shannon River. It subsequently served as a model for large-scale electrification projects worldwide. Operated by the Electricity Board of Ireland, it had an immediate impact on the social, economic and industrial development of Ireland and continues to supply significant power beyond the end of the 20th century.

35.168369, 136.860977, Milestones:Tokaido Shinkansen (Bullet Train), 1964 Tokai Nagoya Station, 1-1-4 Meieki, Nakamura-Ku, Nagoya, Japan. Plaque is at West Side of station on concourse wall Dedication: July 2000 - IEEE Tokyo Section (IEEE Milestone and ASME Landmark) Tokaido Shinkansen (Bullet Train) was designed with the world's most advanced electrical and mechanical train technologies to operate at speeds up to 210 km/hr, a world record when it began service in 1964. It has carried more than 80 million passengers per year for many years with an excellent safety record.

38.271629, 140.859116, Milestones:Directive Short Wave Antenna, 1924

The laboratories have been remodelled, so the plaque is on a monument in the center of Katahira Campus, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Dedication: June 1995 - IEEE Tokyo Section 

In these laboratories, beginning in 1924, Professor Hidetsugu Yagi and his assistant, Shintaro Uda, designed and constructed a sensitive and highly-directional antenna using closely-coupled parasitic elements. The antenna, which is effective in the higher-frequency ranges, has been important for radar, television, and amateur radio.

42.866667, 21.916667, Milestones:Vucje Hydroelectric Plant, 1903 Leskovac, Yugoslavia Dedication: 25 June 2005, IEEE Yugoslavia Section The Vucje hydroelectric plant began operation in 1903. It was the first in southern Serbia and the largest in the broader region. By transmitting alternating electric current of 50 Hz at 7000 volts -- high for the period -- over a distance of 16 km , it helped to transform the regional economy. It remained in continual use for more than a century.

56.407980, -5.469119, Milestones:The First Submarine Transatlantic Telephone Cable System (TAT-1), 1956 Oban, Scotland, Dedication: 24 September 2006 Global telephone communications using submarine cables began on 25 September 1956, when the first transatlantic undersea telephone system, TAT-1, went into service. This site is the eastern terminal of the transatlantic cable that stretched west to Clarenville, Newfoundland. TAT-1 was a great technological achievement providing unparalleled reliability with fragile components in hostile environments. It was made possible through the efforts of engineers at AT&T Bell Laboratories and British Post Office. The system operated until 1978.

44.816528, 20.46369, Milestones:Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), Electrical Pioneer Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Dedication: October 2006, IEEE Serbia Section On the 150th anniversary of his birth, the IEEE is pleased to recognize the seminal work of Nikola Tesla in the field of electrical engineering. Among his many accomplishments, those that stand out are his innovative contributions to the applications of polyphase current to electric power systems, his pioneering work with electromagnetic waves, and his experiments with very high voltages. The Tesla Museum in Beograd is to be commended for its successful efforts to preserve artifacts and documents related to Tesla and to make them accessible to scholars throughout the world.

47.870647, -53.364887, Milestones:Landing of the Transatlantic Cable, 1866 Cable Museum, Heart's Content, Newfoundland, Canada Dedication: June 1985 - IEEE Newfoundland-Labrador Section A permanent electrical communications link between the old world and the new was initiated at this site with the landing of a transatlantic cable on July 27, 1866. This achievement altered for all time personal, commercial, and political relations between peoples on the two sides of the ocean. Five more cables between Heart's Content and Valentia, Ireland were completed between 1866 and 1894. This station continued in operation until 1965.

39.54602, -107.32363, Milestones:Shoshone Transmission Line, 1909 Shoshone Hydroelectric Plant near Glenwood Springs, Colorado, U.S.A. Dedication: June 1991 - IEEE Denver Section July 17, 1909, the Shoshone Transmission Line began service carrying power, generated by the Shoshone Hydroelectric Generating Station, to Denver. The Line operated at 90 kV, was 153.4 miles long, and crossed the Continental Divide three times reaching an altitude of 13,500 feet. Its design and construction represented an outstanding electrical engineering accomplishment due to its length, the mountainous country over which it was constructed, and the unusually severe weather conditions under which it operated.

40.8120, -74.4812, Milestones:Demonstration of Practical Telegraphy, 1838

333 Speedwell Avenue, Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Dedication: May 1988 - IEEE North Jersey Section In this building in January 1838, Samuel F. B. Morse and Alfred Vail first demonstrated publicly crucial elements of their telegraph system, using instruments that Vail had constructed during the previous months. Electrical pulses, transmitted through two miles of wire, caused an electromagnet to ink dots and dashes (grouped to represent letters and words) on a strip of paper. Commercialization began in 1844 when funding became available.

48.14626, -53.9641, Milestones:The First Submarine Transatlantic Telephone Cable System (TAT-1), 1956 Clarenville, Newfoundland, Canada Dedication: 24 September 2006 Global telephone communications using submarine cables began on 25 September 1956, when the first transatlantic undersea telephone system, TAT-1, went into service. This site is the eastern terminal of the transatlantic cable that stretched west to Clarenville, Newfoundland. TAT-1 was a great technological achievement providing unparalleled reliability with fragile components in hostile environments. It was made possible through the efforts of engineers at AT&T Bell Laboratories and British Post Office. The system operated until 1978.

46.2317, -60.222119, Milestones:The First Submarine Transatlantic Telephone Cable System (TAT-1), 1956 Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia, Canada Dedication: 24 September 2006 Global telephone communications using submarine cables began on 25 September 1956, when the first transatlantic undersea telephone system, TAT-1, went into service. This site is the eastern terminal of the transatlantic cable that stretched west to Clarenville, Newfoundland. TAT-1 was a great technological achievement providing unparalleled reliability with fragile components in hostile environments. It was made possible through the efforts of engineers at AT&T Bell Laboratories and British Post Office. The system operated until 1978.

37.32703, -91.02427, Milestones:Taum Sauk Pumped-Storage Electric Power Plant, 1963 Taum Sauk Power Plant, Reynolds County, Missouri, U.S.A. Dedication: September 2005 The Taum Sauk Plant, when it came on-line in 1963, was the largest pure pumped-storage electric power plant in North America. Other pioneering features for this pumped-storage plant were its high capacity turbine-generators and its ability to be operated remotely, 90 miles away, from St. Louis, Missouri.

44.93875, -70.75005, Milestones:First Transatlantic Transmission of a Television Signal via Satellite, 1962 Andover, Maine, U.S.A. Dedication: July 2002 - IEEE Maine Section On 11 July 1962 this site transmitted the first transatlantic TV signal to a twin station in Pleumeur-Bodou, France via the TELSTAR satellite. The success of TELSTAR and the earth stations, the first built for active satellite communications, illustrated the potential of a future world-wide satellite system to provide communications between continents.

47.571849, -52.689165, Milestones:Reception of Transatlantic Radio Signals, 1901 Signal Hill, Newfoundland Dedication: October 1985 - IEEE Newfoundland-Labrador Section At Signal Hill on December 12, 1901, Guglielmo Marconi and his assistant, George Kemp, confirmed the reception of the first transatlantic radio signals. With a telephone receiver and a wire antenna kept aloft by a kite, they heard Morse code for the letter "S" transmitted from Poldhu, Cornwall. Their experiments showed that radio signals extended far beyond the horizon, giving radio a new global dimension for communication in the twentieth century.

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